Doctor Jyoti Singh and University College London chemists showed amino acids and RNA could link under early Earth conditions in 2025 The experiment connects RNA world and thioester world theories, which propose self-replicating RNA and energy from thioesters The reaction used amino acids attached to thioesters from coenzyme A, suggesting natural occurrence in early Earth pools Professor Matthew Powner linked RNA world and thioester world theories in the research The discovery suggests a plausible pathway for protein synthesis origins but acknowledges remaining challenges.